Enterprise Risk Management
Mission Statement
We promote appropriate internal controls and adherence to Cortland policies. Always striving to work with teams across the campus, together we will focus on process improvements to lessen risk severity. Our practices are designed to promote campus priorities. This office serves as a campus wide resource assisting departments in optimizing resources while maintaining and developing mutually agreed upon procedures that contribute to an environment whereby negative surprises are minimized. Risks are unavoidable and always considered in relation to their ability to impact the College and its objectives.
Values
Working in an ethical manner, we will be accountable to those relying on us to be effective in every engagement we perform on behalf of the College. Our values align with those of the College with a focus on students, integrity and intellectual life. We will demonstrate our commitment to these values through always exhibiting a high level of respect for others, honesty and ongoing learning to be exhibited through our communication and actions.
Risk Management Office at SUNY Cortland
Every employee shares a responsibility to make our working environment safe and effective. One important way we can help achieve this goal is to establish and follow appropriate campus policies on property control.
Internal controls are methods and measures adopted by the college to promote the thoughtful and efficient use of state resources. For example, internal controls help ensure that all funds and cash receipts are properly accounted for and promptly deposited in bank accounts. Internal controls provide that complete and accurate records are kept of transactions involving students, and that college equipment is properly cared for and used only for its intended purposes. In short, a well-designed system on internal controls safeguards college assets and ensures accuracy and reliability in the use of such assets and in the performance of our respective jobs. All of us are responsible for adhering to the institution’s applicable internal controls.
What exactly is it?
Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) is defined by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations (COSO) as "a process, effected by an entity's board of directors, management and other personnel, applied in strategy-setting and across the enterprise, designed to identify potential events that may affect the entity, and manage risk to be within its risk appetite, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the achievement of entity objectives."
This very much falls in line with SUNY Cortland’s Enterprise Risk Management definition as well.
What is it we do?
Having a risk free environment is impossible, however it is our job as the Enterprise Risk Management office to assess risks, rank them, and make sure there is a balance between averting risk, and also taking on risk that may benefit the university as a whole.
We follow a very specific framework when assessing these risks, which allows us to have a standardized process so we may look at risks through a non-biased lens. This framework is called the COSO Framework and focuses on both upside and downside risks:
- Avoidance (terminate): Benefits to be gained from the practice are not worth the risks.
- Reduction (treat): Tolerate the risk by implementing internal controls such as separation of duties, account reconciliation and other preventative and detective controls.
- Sharing (transfer): Insurance, which for the most part SUNY prohibits (Cyber fraud and Study abroad) otherwise the SUNY system is self insured, and our loses are limited by New York state court of claims.
- Accepting (tolerate): Risks of low likelihood or low impact may be tolerated. Sometimes risks are tolerated because there is no easy way to treat them.
What role do you play into it?
One important facet of Risk Management is that we must all realize that everyone apart of the University is a Risk Manager. Conceptually, as well as in practice, Risk Management wouldn’t work if everyone didn’t play their part- whether that be a student reporting something suspicious that they saw taking place, all the way up to the Risk Management Office performing an audit of a department- we all have our roles in order to make it work!
Internal Controls
Now that we have talked about what Risk Management is, what is it the department does, and what role everyone plays in risk management, let us take a moment to talk about Internal Controls. Internal Controls are the foundation upon which our Risk Management Department’s assessments are attempting to improve. The internal control review analyzes procedures and policies to insure they are functioning as intended and that they assist the unit in meeting its goals and objectives. Upon completion of the internal control review, recommendations may be made. The recommendations may require adding, deleting or changing internal controls or procedures for the unit. If recommendations are accepted, a timetable for implementation is agreed upon.
It is very important to realize that the Enterprise Risk Management department, when performing a risk assessment and/or audit is there to help you and offer an outside perspective on the way that things are being done- not targeting you for scrutiny.
The final component in the internal control process is follow-up. This step is performed to verify that the recommended actions have been properly implemented and that the unit continues to function as intended.
Internal Controls Review Team
Internal Control Officer (ICO): Jody Maroney, Assistant Vice President for Finance
Internal Control Coordinator (ICC): Stephanie Harvey
Team Leaders: Casey Avery and Kari Faherty
Review Team Members: Lindsay Martin, Pam Sullivan, and Jacob Irving
Types of Risk
All risks can be categorized into different types of risks, however that does not mean that a single risk cannot span across multiple categories- based on the possible affect that it will have on SUNY Cortland as a University following by the COSO Framework (coso.org). The risk categories that COSO defines are as follows:
- Compliance Risks
- Operations Risks
- Financial Risks
- Reputational Risks
- Reporting Risks
- Strategic Risks
Failure to identify risks and place them into categories may lead to negligence to not only deal with the risk, but also, hinder the process that Risk Management follows so steadfastly.
In addition to the college’s system of internal controls, the Governmental Accountability, Audit and Internal Control Act of 1987 formalizes New York State’s commitment to efficient and effective business practices, quality services, and ethics in the operations of state government. The Internal Control Act is the basis for the SUNY Cortland’s Internal Control Program. It requires that all state agencies institute a formal internal control program. There are six requirements of the Internal Control Act of 1987 as shown below:
- Maintain written internal control guidelines.
- Maintain an internal control system for continuous review of operations.
- Make a concise statement of policy and standards available to all employees.
- Designate an Internal Control Officer.
- Educate and train all employees on internal controls.
- Evaluate the need for an internal audit function.
Internal Control Foundations
Examples of internal control systems include, but are not limited to:
- External (federal, state, university) laws, regulations, policies, and procedures
- Policies of the University Board of Trustees
- College handbook, catalog, and other statements of policy and procedure
- Academic curricular and course outlines
- Student registration system
- Financial and personnel procedures
- College long-range plan
- Bargaining contracts
- Financial and operational audits
- Employee performance programs and evaluations
- Accreditations (Middle States, etc.)
- Time and attendance reporting
- Property (equipment) control
- Electronic data and network security
- Public safety, environmental safety, code compliance practices
- Faculty Senate governance process
- Service contracts, revocable permits
- Building door lock systems and key control
- Student and employee identification cards, etc.
The foundations of SUNY Cortland’s internal control systems are the various policies and procedures applicable to its daily operations. Below is a sample of basic foundations that affects all employees:
- Personnel Handbook
- SUNY Procedures Manual
- Public Officers Law
- Campus Purchasing Procedures
- Time and Attendance Policy
- Policy Handbook
- Hiring Practices
- Transaction Process
Risk Assessment and Management
After the campus is segmented into assessable units, each unit's risk is assessed. Risk management is an approach to aligning strategy, process, and knowledge to curtail negative surprises and financial losses. This process may be done through a self - assessment survey or a one-on-one discussion with the unit manager and the risk management officer. By means of this evaluation, the campus evaluates its susceptibility to conscious or unintended abuses and reduced operational efficiencies. International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 31000:2009 is applicable and adaptable for public enterprise. ISO 31000:2009 has provided generic guidelines for the design, implementation and maintenance of risk management processes throughout SUNY Cortland’s risk management program.
The scope of this approach to risk management is to enable all strategic, management and operational tasks of an organization throughout projects, functions, and processes to be aligned to a common set of risk management objectives.
Some of the factors examined in the risk assessment are: inherent risk of the unit, management's attitude toward internal controls, physical location, frequency of review, and the rate of personnel turnover.
Upon completing a risk assessment, a rating of low, average or high risk is assigned to the assessable unit. These ratings are considered when scheduling internal control reviews.
Internal Control Review
The internal control review analyzes procedures and policies to insure they are functioning as intended and that they assist the unit in meeting its goals and objectives. Examples of procedures and policies that may be reviewed include, planning activities, program evaluations, the budget cycle, personnel transactions, and information systems, cash activities, contract management and capital programs.
Upon completion of the internal control review, recommendations may be made. The recommendations may require adding, deleting or changing internal controls or procedures for the unit. If recommendations are accepted, a timetable for implementation is agreed upon.
Follow-Up
The final component in the internal control process is follow-up. This step is performed to verify that the recommended actions have been properly implemented and that the unit continues to function as intended.
Preventative and Detective Controls
Internal controls are actions taken to make sure the right things happen and the wrong things don't. There are two types of internal controls: preventative controls and detective controls.
Preventative and Detective Controls
Preventative Controls
Internal controls are actions taken to make sure the right things happen and the wrong things don't. There are two types of internal controls: preventative controls and detective controls.
Preventative controls are designed to keep errors or irregularities from occurring in the first place. They are built into internal control systems and require a major effort in the initial design and implementation stages.
Detective Controls
Detective controls are designed to detect errors and irregularities, which have already occurred and to assure their prompt correction. These controls represent a continuous operating expense and can be costly, but necessary. Detective controls supply the means with which to correct data errors, modify controls or recover missing assets.
Internal Control Standards
Internal controls must meet basic standards to ensure that adequate internal control systems are established and maintained. There are two types of internal control standards: general and specific. General internal control standards describe what we want to achieve while specific internal control standards tell us how to achieve those objectives. Below are examples of general and specific internal control standards. Each example is followed by a brief explanation.
General Standards
- Reasonable Assurance
Internal control systems should provide reasonable assurance that the objectives of the organization will be accomplished. - Supportive Attitude
Managers and employees should maintain and demonstrate a positive and supportive attitude toward internal controls at all times. - Competent Personnel
Managers and employees should have personal and professional integrity and maintain a level of competence that allows them to accomplish their assigned duties, as well as understand the importance of developing and implementing good internal controls. - Control Objectives
Internal control systems should help to assure compliance with laws and that the campus meets its goals and objectives. - Control Techniques
These are the means to accomplishing the objectives of the internal control systems (i.e. Specific Internal Control Standards).
Specific Standards
- Documentation
Adequate records of all internal control systems, transactions and events should be maintained. - Records
All transactions and events should be recorded promptly and accurately. - Authorization
All transactions and events should be authorized and executed by persons within the scope of their authority. - Structure
Key duties and responsibilities in authorizing, processing, recording and reviewing transactions should be separated. - Supervision
Adequate supervision must be provided to ensure that internal control objectives are achieved. - Security
Access and accountability to assets and records should be limited to authorized individuals.
Responsibilities
Employee responsibilities:
- Fulfilling the duties and responsibilities established in one's job description. Meeting applicable performance standards.
- Attending education and training programs as appropriate to increase awareness and
understanding. - Taking all reasonable steps to safeguard assets against waste, loss, unauthorized
use and misappropriation. - Reporting breakdowns in internal control systems to your supervisor.
- Refraining from the use of your official position to secure unwarranted privileges.
Managers have these additional responsibilities:
- Maintaining an office environment that encourages the design of internal controls.
- Documenting policies and procedures that are to be followed in performing office
functions. - Identifying the control objectives for the functions and implementing cost effective
controls designed to meet those objectives. - Regularly testing the controls to determine if they are performing as intended.
Risk Management Officer responsibilities:
The Risk Management Officer spearheads the campus' internal control, enterprise risk management, and compliance programs. This position is responsible for directing the College’s internal control, enterprise risk management, and compliance programs by developing, implementing, and/or evaluating internal control policies and procedures to ensure a system of accountability and oversight of the College’s operations to effectively and efficiently meet its goals and objectives while minimizing exposure to risk.
Other duties of the position include:
- Monitor and evaluate the organization's overall internal control system.
- Coordinating the development and implementation of the campus' Internal Control
Program. - Monitoring identified weaknesses and required corrective actions.
- Ensuring that employees are informed of applicable policies and receive appropriate
training in internal control. - Report progress and status of internal control program and areas of risk to senior campus management and to the university auditor when appropriate.
- Complete Central Administration required reporting requirements.
- Manage required certifications by outside agencies such as the Office of the State Comptroller (OSC)
- Chair the SUNY Cortland Risk Management Steering Committee.
- Identify opportunities for increased effectiveness and efficiency in operations such as E-Commerce, opportunities, automation of manual processes, etc.
- Collaborate with the University Auditor to incorporate mandated compliance directives into Cortland’s existing internal control program.
Additional References
- Standards for Internal Control in New York State Government
- New York State Office of General Services
- New York State Guide to Financial Operations
- Internal Control Message from the State Comptroller
- Internal Control Implementation, Certification, and Reporting DOB Budget Policy and Reporting Manual Item B-350